Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers worldwide. It originates in the lungs, where malignant tumors develop in the respiratory system. As these tumors grow, they can invade nearby tissues and compress surrounding organs, severely affecting lung function. Since the lungs play a vital role in oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal, any disruption can lead to serious health problems.

There are two main types of lung cancer:

Main Types of Lung Cancer

1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
This is the most common form, accounting for about 85% of cases. It includes:

• Adenocarcinoma: Develops from mucus-producing cells, often in the outer areas of the lungs. It is common among smokers but also frequently diagnosed in non-smokers.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Usually arises in the large airways near the center of the lungs and is strongly linked to smoking.

• Large Cell Carcinoma: A fast-growing and aggressive cancer that can appear in any part of the lungs.

2. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
This type accounts for about 15% of cases and spreads rapidly. It is strongly associated with smoking and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for up to 90% of cases in men and 80% in women. Exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, toxic chemicals, and genetic factors also increases risk.

9 Early Signs of Lung Cancer

Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. The following symptoms may appear in the early stages:

1. Persistent Cough

A cough that lasts more than 2–3 weeks and does not improve should not be ignored, even in smokers.

2. Shortness of Breath

Tumors can narrow the airways, causing breathlessness, chest tightness, or a feeling of not getting enough air.

3. Coughing Up Blood

Even small amounts of blood in sputum require immediate medical evaluation.

4. Chest Pain

Pain or pressure in the chest may worsen when coughing, laughing, or taking deep breaths, often due to tumor growth or fluid buildup.

5. Hoarseness

A tumor may press on nerves controlling the vocal cords, leading to voice changes.

6. Wheezing

Partial airway blockage can cause whistling or wheezing sounds when breathing.

7. Fatigue and Weakness

Cancer cells consume energy and nutrients, leading to anemia, exhaustion, and reduced appetite.

8. Bone, Shoulder, or Arm Pain

If cancer spreads to bones or affects nerves (such as in Pancoast tumors), pain may occur in the shoulders, arms, back, or chest.

9. Unexplained Weight Loss

Rapid weight loss without changes in diet or activity can be an early sign of cancer-related metabolic changes.

Additional symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes in the neck, frequent headaches (which may indicate brain metastasis), and eye-related changes linked to nerve involvement.

Diagnosis and Early Detection

Early-stage lung cancer is often detected through:

• Chest X-rays

• Low-dose CT scans (more sensitive for small tumors)

• Bronchoscopy with biopsy

• Pathological examination and tumor marker tests

When detected early, the five-year survival rate after surgery can reach 40–50%. In later stages, treatment becomes more challenging.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on cancer type, stage, and overall health, and may include:

• Surgery

• Radiation therapy

• Chemotherapy

• Targeted therapy or immunotherapy for specific genetic mutations

Who Should Be Screened?

Annual low-dose CT screening is recommended for high-risk individuals, including:

• Adults aged 50–80

• Current or former smokers with long-term smoking history

• People exposed to occupational hazards or secondhand smoke

• Individuals with chronic lung diseases or a family history of cancer

Prevention Measures

Although lung cancer cannot be completely prevented, risk can be reduced by:

• Quitting smoking

• Avoiding secondhand smoke

• Minimizing exposure to air pollution and toxic substances

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition and regular exercise

• Undergoing routine health check-ups

Conclusion

Lung cancer is a serious disease, but early detection and timely treatment can significantly improve survival rates. Recognizing early warning signs and seeking medical attention promptly are crucial steps in protecting your health and extending life expectancy.