Every year, many women with ovarian cancer are initially misdiagnosed with conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), stress-related disorders, acid reflux, or urinary tract infections due to overlapping symptoms. Because ovarian cancer symptoms are often subtle and vague in the early stages, diagnosis is frequently delayed. If you are experiencing symptoms that concern you, the most important thing to remember is to stay calm and informed.

Having one or even several symptoms associated with ovarian cancer does not automatically mean you have the disease. According to the American Cancer Society, a woman’s lifetime risk of developing invasive ovarian cancer is approximately 1 in 73. While the risk is relatively low, awareness and early medical evaluation are key to improving outcomes.

Below are the eight most common warning signs of ovarian cancer that women should be aware of and never ignore if they persist.

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1. Persistent Fatigue

Feeling exhausted occasionally is normal, but constant or unexplained fatigue is not. Ongoing low energy levels may signal that something is wrong internally. When fatigue interferes with daily activities and does not improve with rest, it should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

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2. Pelvic Pain or Discomfort

Pelvic pain or pressure—sometimes extending into the abdomen—can be a warning sign. Persistent pain should never be dismissed or masked with painkillers. Discomfort in the pelvic area, especially when it worsens over time, deserves prompt medical attention.

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3. Constipation and Other Bowel Changes

Digestive issues are one of the most commonly overlooked symptoms of ovarian cancer. Persistent constipation, diarrhea, bloating, excessive gas, nausea, or vomiting may indicate pressure from an ovarian mass. If bowel changes continue for weeks without improvement, seeing a doctor is essential.

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4. Lower Back Pain

Lower back pain that radiates toward the pelvis or is accompanied by a feeling of pelvic heaviness should not be ignored. While back pain is common, pain that is persistent, unexplained, or worsening requires medical evaluation to rule out underlying causes.

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5. Loss of Appetite or Feeling Full Quickly

Feeling full after eating small amounts or experiencing a sudden decrease in appetite can be an early sign of ovarian cancer. Unintentional weight loss without changes in diet or activity is also concerning and should be investigated by a healthcare professional.

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6. Frequent or Urgent Urination

A constant or urgent need to urinate—especially if it disrupts sleep or daily routines—may be caused by a urinary tract infection or pelvic floor weakness. However, if symptoms persist despite treatment, it is important to inform your doctor, as ovarian tumors can press against the bladder.

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7. Pain During Sexual Intercourse

Pain during sex is often related to insufficient vaginal lubrication, but in women with ovarian cancer, pain is frequently felt deep in the pelvis, usually on one side. Ongoing discomfort during intercourse should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.

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8. Abdominal Bloating or Swelling

Abdominal bloating is one of the most common and telling symptoms of ovarian cancer. Unlike temporary bloating, cancer-related bloating is persistent and progressively worsens. The abdomen may gradually increase in size and feel firm, making this a symptom that requires urgent medical evaluation.

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Risk Factors Associated With Ovarian Cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer remains unknown, but several factors are associated with increased risk. Understanding these can help women make informed decisions about their health.

Reproductive History and Menstruation

Women who have never given birth are at higher risk. Early onset of menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause also increases risk. Research suggests that a higher number of lifetime menstrual cycles may be linked to a greater chance of developing ovarian cancer.

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Age

Age is a significant risk factor. Women over 50 are at increased risk, and nearly half of ovarian cancer diagnoses occur in women over 60. While ovarian cancer can occur in younger women, it is far less common before the age of 40.

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Genetic Mutations

Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly raise ovarian cancer risk. These genes normally help suppress tumor growth. Women with a BRCA1 mutation have an estimated 40% lifetime risk, while those with a BRCA2 mutation face a 10–20% lifetime risk. Genetic counseling and testing may be beneficial for women with a strong family history.

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Family History

A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer increases a woman’s likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. This risk is especially elevated if close relatives were diagnosed at a younger age.

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Certain Medications

Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy after menopause or prolonged, high-dose use of fertility medications may increase ovarian cancer risk. Women considering or using these treatments should discuss potential risks with their healthcare providers.

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Additional Risk Factors

Other factors linked to increased risk include:

• Obesity

• Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

• Smoking

• Long-term use of an intrauterine device (IUD)

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Diagnosis, Screening, and Early Action

Currently, there are no reliable screening tests for ovarian cancer in women without symptoms. If ovarian cancer is suspected, doctors may perform a pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, and blood tests to look for cancer-related proteins.

Medical researchers continue to work toward better early detection methods. Until more effective screening tools are available, the best defense is self-awareness. Pay close attention to your body, trust your instincts, and seek medical advice if something feels wrong.

By staying informed and proactive, you can take an active role in your healthcare and become your own strongest advocate—especially when it comes to detecting serious conditions early.